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2024年02月

When it comes to getting commercial lifts installed, a number of factors are to be kept in mind. Amongst all of them, one that matters the most is the cost followed by the requirement, space availability and so on.

The cost indeed is the most important thing because of a number of reasons and the top one is that this is an expensive installation that cannot be repeated every couple of years.

Cost is an ever increasingly important factor when selecting a commercial lift for disabled access, apartments, medical facilities, schools, offices and so on.

Know more : How to Find the Right Supplier of Commercial Lifts .

Here in this post, we will have a look at some factors that will help a person in determining the cost of getting commercial lifts installed and the top space is acquired by the number of floors to be covered.

How Many Floors Is Lift Travelling?

1.

  • In this regards, experts say that if the requirement is maximum of 3-4 floors, the hydraulic lift can be the best alternative as they come with a fair speed of travelling up and down
  • Moreover, the set-up to be used the process in settled or installed on the lowest base to make sure that the lift doesn't make any sound during operations.
  • Other than this, one more point that supports getting hydraulic lifts being installed is that the cost of installation, as well as maintenance, is very low.
  • The fact about these hydraulic elevators is that these installations would actually save the purchaser the purchase price of the lift over a 25 year period when compared to a traction (all-electric) lift.

2.

  • The second option that users have in terms of Carbide Threading Inserts height to be travelled is the traction elevators that are considered ideal for those having 4-5 plus floors.
  • Traction lifts or basically, all kinds of electric lifts are faster than their hydraulic counterparts and can reach the double of the speed of hydraulic elevators.
  • These machines are also known as machine-less elevators as the entire set-up behind the operations is installed inside the shaft itself.
  • This means, no added or extra machine room or machine cabinet is needed for this; this is a serious pro over the hydraulic commercial elevators.
  • However, the con in comparison to the hydraulic commercial elevators is that the maintenance and repair cost could be higher in traction version.

The speed of the lift will affect the price:

  • The next Carbide Insert for Cast Iron factor that will impact the cost of the elevator is the speed of the lift and in this regard, suppliers of reliable commercial lifts in Sydney say that speed would basically depend upon the height.
  • In this regard, they further add that you will have to keep in mind, the difference between the speed of hydraulic and traction commercial elevators.
  • This will help you determine the speed that you want for your infrastructure and this way, cost determination can be done really easily.
  • For medium rise to high rise, contact a lift consultant for professional advice and be prepared to pay what is required.

The rated load of your lift is determined by its floor area:

  • Because we are discussing commercial lifts, this point deserves a mention here that the bigger the lift the more expensive it would be.
  • For low rise lifts with rated loads in excess of 1500kg, you will find hydraulics considerably cheaper than traction lifts.


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Before a fabric is shipped to a client, the product is passed through a "finishing process". A finishing process is simply a value-adding step where the properties of the fabric are altered using various treatments either by using a chemical or a mechanical process. This additional treatment varies depending on the results required by the clients. It is mostly divided into two. Mechanical Finish and Chemical Finish. Let's understand both these types of finishing in depth.

What is Mechanical Finishing Process?

Mechanical finishing is the process that alters the hand feel, appearance, durability, and performance of a textile. The key feature of mechanical finishing methods is that they used manual methods to alter the fabric's properties. Depending on a variety of factors like fabric material used, type of dye, and dyeing method, the mechanical finishing method also changes. This ensures that the finishing process is efficient.

What are the types of Mechanical Finishing?

Like we discussed above, we are taking into consideration the fabric properties, type, and the desired end result before considering the type of mechanical finish.

At Dinesh Exports, we manufacture a wide range of fabric using a wide range of mechanical finishing methods. Contact us for more details.

Calendaring Finish

When a fabric is wet-processed and dried, it will be in its least lustrous state. The surface will be rough due to the presence of highly crimped and wavy threads. In order to solve this problem, the fabric is passed in between two rollers or bawls of a machine called a 'Calendar'. Hence the process is called calendaring. It is a common mechanical finishing method.

We can compare the calendaring process with calendaring as it smooths out the fabric. Benefits of the calendaring process are:

It increases the luster of the fabric

It makes the fabric more compact

Creates a soft and handy feel on the surface

Changes the appearance of the fabric

What are the types of calendars?

Ordinary calendar: An ordinary calendar is a series of hard and soft rollers. The fabric is passed in between these rollers. Hard rollers are made of polished metal, while soft rollers are made out of compressed wood, paper, or cotton.

Friction calendar: In order to achieve a higher luster, gloss, or greater closing up of the fabric, this type of calendaring is used. Here, one roller will rotate faster than the other. It will be heated and polished. This method is mainly used for finishing lining, shirting, and printing clothes.

Embossing calendar: Fines lines are embossed on the fabric using this method. It will be a temporary effect that increases the luster and smoothness of the fabric.

Swizzing calendar: This is an ordinary calendaring process with seven rollers that are run at the same peripheral speed.

Chasing calendar: In order to get a linen-like appearance on the fabric, this type of calendaring process is used. There will be five rollers, all running at the same speed.

Raising

It is a type of mechanical finishing process in which the layers of fibers are lifted from the surface of the fabric in order to form a pile. This process is known as raising. It makes the fabric exceptionally soft. The pile enables a large formation of air causing the fabrics to become warm and soft.

Cotton fabrics are mostly raised. But in recent times, even manmade fibers are also put under this process. The raising process is done in a wet state making it easier for implementation.

Setting & Heat-setting

During processes like spinning or weaving, the chances of fabric undergoing distortions in fabric structure designs and also uneven shrinkage are higher. In order to avoid this, a setting is implemented. Setting stabilizes the woven structure of the fabric in a regular and permanent manner by relaxing the stresses. The agencies used for bringing this effect are heat, moisture, and pressure. This is a chemical-free process.

Sanforising

Sanforization is a type of mechanical finishing process invented by Sanford Lockwood Cluett in 1930. This process is mainly applied to cotton fabrics and textiles made from natural or chemical fibers.

During the sanforization process, the fabric is stretched and shrank in order to fix both the length and width before cutting and production. This process helps in reducing the shrinkage which would otherwise occur after washing.

Napping

Napping is a process in which the surface of the cloth is raised, cut even, and smoothed by a napping machine. This machine is known as planetary napper.

The machine creates a pile on the fabric which makes it exceptionally soft and comfortable. The nap is generally brushed in one direction of the fabric through which light can reflect in a particular way. The most commonly used fabrics are velvet fabric and corduroy fabric. At Dinesh Exports, we have a wide range of corduroy fabrics. Reach out for samples.

Shearing

Shearing is a type of mechanical process in which the fiber ends are cut off. This process removes the random lengths of fiber and achieves a smooth and leveled pile. Moreover, fabrics that go through the napping process are usually sheared.

Sanding

Sanding is a process that makes the fabric surface resemble suede leather. The fabric surface is subjected to one or more rolls of abrasive material moving at a much higher surface speed than the fabric.

Compaction

Compaction is a mechanical finish in which the length of the fabric is reduced by compressing the structure of the fabric. The fabric is more likely to shrink because of its structure. Fabric structures that have a more open style have a greater propensity to shrink. Compaction helps to avoid this.

What is Chemical Finishing Process?

Chemical finishing processes involved the usage of chemicals to change the properties of a fabric to get desired end results. The underlying selection criteria for selecting the type of chemical finish to be implemented depends on the type of fiber, its properties, and its application.

In general, various chemical finishing processes takes place after dyeing the fabric but also before the fabric is converted into a garment. Chemical finishing is a highly versatile and complex procedure. Depending on various factors, chemical finishing is divided as below:

Wrinkle-free finish

This type of chemical finish is applied to eliminate wrinkles or creases on the fabric. It is further divided into two.

Pre-cure process: For fabrics that do not require pleats and are to remain flat are generally applied with this type of chemical finishing. All the steps (pad dry and cure) are performed at the mill level.

Post-cure process: In this process, the uniform distribution of chemicals is assured, since sensitization is done at the mill level in the fabric form.

Anti-crease finish, wash-and-wear finishes, durable press finishes are a further development of wash-and-wear finishes.

Parchmentizing

Cermet Inserts Fabrics that are made up of cellulose fiber (like cotton) are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to get a unique organdie finish. This chemical process is known as the parchmentizing process.

A thin closely woven cotton fabric is transferred into a beautiful transparent fabric with slight stiffness, the effect is permanent. The action of sulphuric acid is characterized by three different effects depending upon its strength.

Anti soil finish

Anti soil finish is a type of chemical finish that minimizes the interaction between soil and the textile material (substrate). Soil can be water-soluble organic or inorganic soil, water-soluble inorganic cement, water-soluble organic, non-polar type soil (pigments), water-soluble organic, polar soil (fatty acids in the form of sweat, proteins-egg surface milling cutters yellow). This increases durability and adds efficiency to the fabric. It prevents the fabric from getting dirty easily and increases its stain removal factor. It also helps in creating fabrics that remain clean for longer periods of time.

Flame retardants

Flame retardants are a type of chemical finishing process which is done on fabrics that are non-flammable. Phosphor amide is one of the most common things which is used to make flame retardants and is highly suitable for the purpose. In recent reviews, the more important durable flame retardants used as additives or co-reactants in fibers or in finishes for fibers were summarized.

Fluoro-chemicals as textile finishing agents

Fluoro-chemicals help in propelling water, oil, stain, and dirt from textile materials. When a drop of oil is added to a textile surface it forms a contact angle with it.

If the contact angle is higher than 900, there is drop formation and hardly any wetting of the surface.

If the contact angle is less than 900, there is the wetting of the surface.

If the angle is 00, there is complete wetting of the surface, immediately.

Deodorant and antimicrobial finishes

Microorganisms are a dangerous part of our everyday lives. Mold, fungus, mildew, yeast, and bacteria can cause various diseases to us. But with the help of identifying the microorganism and applying the right antimicrobial finishing, it can avoid harmful effects from them. Depending on the client's requirements, various chemical finishes are applied. When implemented safely, it increases the durability and effectiveness of the fabric.


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KBH10 is an uncoated PCBN turning insert that offers exceptional wear resistance and very low cutting forces. As a result, many customers are now enjoying double the tool life together with improved part quality.


Hard turning has been used for decades to streamline and in many cases eliminate cylindrical grinding operations. It’s fast, accurate, and thanks to tooling Lathe Carbide Inserts suppliers such as Kennametal, a broad assortment of predictable, cost-effective cutting tools is available to tame even the mos tdifficult hardened steels, superalloys, and chilled irons. But as the aerospace, automotive, power generation, and other industries continue to develop even more robust metals, cutting tool manufacturers must evolve as well with high-performance tooling to tackle these materials.

That’s what Kennametal Inc. has accomplished recently with its introduction of KBH10, a PCBN hard turning insert designed specifically for the challenges of today’s demanding market place. Helmut Gremer, senior engineer for global machining technology, says the new insert complements Kennametal’s existing PCBN grades KBH20 and KB5630 by providing the extreme wear resistance needed to successfully turn hardened metals up to 65 HRC, especially where Carbide Turning Inserts very fine surface finishes are required.

“We’ve seen that many manufacturers are decreasing the allowable tolerances on bearing journals, rings and pistons, gear hubs, and so on,” he says. “For example, dimensional tolerances of less than 4 μm or less are increasingly common, as are surface requirements better than Ra 0.4 μm. This new grade closes the gap for these and other customers that need superior tool life when finishing such parts.”


In one example, a well-known automotive manufacturer was able to more than double tool life—from 150 pieces per edge to 350 pieces—during an internal facing operation on a 140 mm (5.5 in.) diameter 5115 alloy steel bearing hub that was previously heat-treated to 62 HRC. And a driveshaft producer achieved similar results, increasing tool life from 250 to 450 pieces per edge when turning 58 HRC UC1 (similar to S53) steel on its vertical turret lathes, consistently maintaining a 6 Rz surface finish while doing so.

In each instance, cutting speeds of 180 m/min were used (590 sfm), with depths of cut averaging 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) and feed rates ranging from 0.22 to 0.32 mm per rev (0.0087 to 0.013 ipr). Also in each case, the customer saved thousands of dollars annually in insert costs compared to its existing solution, while substantially reducing downtime due to tool changeovers.


The KBH10 substrate is completely new. Its PCBN composition is designed for up to 20-percent higher cutting speeds while providing equivalent or in some cases far greater tool life. Kennametal engineers were frequently able to achieve Ra 0.2 and Rz 1 surface roughness, while consistently maintaining the profile and dimensional tolerances noted earlier. KBH10 is available in several different geometries and edge preparations.

“KBH10 is ideally suited for fine-finishing operations yet is tough enough to handle light interruptions or varying depth of cut operations,” says Gremer. “And because cutting pressure and therefore heat is reduced, crater and flank wear are likewise reduced, extending tool life. There’s also a lower occurrence of the white layer that plagues many hard part machining operations.”


This last part is accomplished through KBH10’s unique edge preparation. Rather than the traditional waterfall or radiused hone applied to virtually all PCBN cutting tools, Kennametal has developed a special shape that is both sharper and freer cutting than competing solutions yet still tough enough to withstand the rigors of hard turning.


“Five years ago, no one was able to generate edges like this, let alone measure them,” Gremer explains. “But thanks to some fairly recent advances in metrology and machine tool technology, we can consistently produce this hone shape, which reduces passive cutting forces by up to 40 percent. Together with KBH10’s tougher substrate—also new—we’ve produced an insert that achieves a fine balance between wear-resistance, hardness and sharpness.
 


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 There are many components to an effective high speed machining process for mold and die makers. Much has been written about the impact HSM has had on CNC machine tools, spindles, toolholders, cutting tools, and controls. Often forgotten is high speed machining’s impact on tool path programming techniques.

CAD/CAM technology is evolving today to meet the specific needs for new tool path strategies to suit the HSM environment. Here, HSM can be defined as the use of higher spindle speeds and feed rates to remove material faster without a degradation of part quality. The goal is to finish mill molds and dies to net shape, to improve surface finish and geometric accuracy so that polishing can be reduced or eliminated.

To facilitate high speed machining, a CAM system should:


The challenge to the CAD/CAM system is to make passes with very small stepovers at very high feed rates. And this must be accomplished without CCGT Insert forcing the tool to make sharp turns, because the look-ahead features of HSM controls will automatically reduce the feed rate when they detect a corner approaching. In addition, in order to overcome data starvation—which will also impair the feed rate—the CAD/CAM system may be required to output tool paths appropriate to HSM controls capable of running NURBS-based G-code.

This article discusses CAD/CAM features that can help die/mold shops realize effective HSM.


“Smart machining” is a feature that aims to produce an intelligent, optimized tool path. Its functionality can include options for examining data between Z layers—including HSM feed connections, slope control machining, and geometry identification.
To achieve near net shape when roughing, it is important for the CAM software to understand what changes in surface Tungsten Carbide Inserts topology occur between the layers of down-steps. Knowledge of stock remaining (KSR) algorithms must look ahead to determine where extra down-steps are necessary. Smart machining is how a CAM system machines this “between layers” material. By roughing in this manner, often the semi-finish pass may be eliminated, saving on machine time and tool wear.

Smart machining may also include helical ramping functionality. This is used for pocket machining. The helical ramping function determines helical movement based on entry angle and geometry. This function is most important when the tool reaches a closed area of workpiece. It can make the cut shorter and safer by eliminating air cutting, as a result of tailoring the tool path to the geometry of the enclosed feature.

Lately, many leading-edge CAD/CAM systems have introduced “re-roughing.” The re-roughing idea is at the heart of knowledge-of-stock remaining functionality.

The technique is excellent for shops where different roughing methods are employed. It works like this: Initial rough machining is performed first, then the resulting form is used as the new stock for a subsequent roughing tool path. Roughing can then proceed according to a different method—parallel, spiral, stock-spiral, what have you—with just the new stock. A likely result is a more efficient overall cutting strategy that keeps the tool in the material to reduce air cutting.

Similarly, knowledge of stock remaining allows tool paths to be created in areas where previous tools did not remove all of the material. There are many methods to remove this uncut material, including pencil tracing and rest milling.

The tool path trajectory for these follow-up machining strategies is optimized based on the knowledge of stock remaining from the previous tool path. For example, the tool trajectory is optimized to protect the tool and the holder from gouging based on the remaining stock.
The follow-up functions make the finish machining process more effective. Without pencil tracing, rest milling, and similar re-machining strategies, the finishing tool could be fed into a considerably larger volume of material (where it would probably break) when it reached the corners of enclosed areas. Re-machining relieves these corners.

How to include corners in the overall tool paths is also an important consideration. In order to produce optimized tool paths for HSM, the CAD/CAM system must be able to deal effectively with internal sharp corners in the workpiece. A corner treatment function for HSM rounds the sharp motion out of the tool path. If allowed to remain, this sharp motion would be seen by the controller’s look-ahead function, which would reduce the feed rate accordingly. A CAM system that can generate fluid tool motions during corner machining can maintain more consistent high feed rates.

Side steps are the connections that create effective transitions between adjacent tool paths when feed rates are particularly high. Parallel scan-line surface machining is the type of machining that has been used for the last ten years to finish machine multi-surface models. This type of machining tends to produce sharp stepover moves at the end of every pass. Using simple “looping” tool paths in place of sharper turns between scan passes is an appropriate solution at moderate feed rates (20-40 ipm). However, at higher feeds, these simple rounded moves are still too sharp. An alternative that has proven more effective in some cases is a “golf club” stepover between passes.

The new G-code “G6.2” represents the NURBS spline. This command expands the choices from traditional linear and circular interpolation to interpolation along a spline represented by control points and knot points. By consolidating a complex, curving tool path into a single line of the program, this function saves on NC data, potentially resulting in more fluid high speed machining.

Some CAD/CAM systems—but not all—create the tool path directly in the spline format. The resulting tool path incorporates direct knowledge of the CAD model. This is important because some CAM systems generate NURBS tool paths based instead on the linear tool path, by approximating this linear path in terms of NURBS paths. Because this is a double approximation, tolerance stacking errors may result.

One of the newer techniques to increase rough machining speed involves a tool path strategy called trochoidal machining. This machining style removes material using the side knife-edge of the cutting tool.

“ Trochoid” describes a type of curve. A trochoid is the trace of a point fixed on a circle that rolls along a line. More generally, a trochoid is any curve that is the locus of a point fixed to a curve A, while A rolls on another curve B without slipping. (See illustration, below.)

Trochoidal machining is well suited to HSM because the cutting tool always moves along a curve of constant radius. This allows a consistent feed rate to be maintained throughout the machining process.

A style of roughing called plunge roughing uses specially made cutting tools to machine deep molds and dies. Plunge roughing employs a drill-type tool path to remove material from deep within the cavity in the Z direction of the machining center. The result has proven to be an efficient method of roughing deep-cavity geometry.
Plunge roughing is drawing attention in machining large molds and dies. An extended protrusion in the tool is required for machining these workpieces. In typical milling, this extended protrusion would lead to vibration. But in this Z-directed machining, vibration is reduced, opening the door to more efficient roughing in many processes.

 
Plunge-roughing tool paths resemble drilling moves. This technique is particularly effective at roughing out deep cavities.
The Next Step

The use of HSM strategies normally requires the material to be removed with very shallow cuts and with small stepover. The smoothness of the machined surface is determined in large part by the height of the scallop between adjacent passes . . . and by taking a smaller and smarter stepover, the scallop height goes down. Thus, lighter depth of cuts contribute to reduced hand polishing. At the same time, HSM offers an efficient way to use very small tools. This can make it practical for high-speed CNC machines to generate fine details that might otherwise require inserts or EDM. Reducing or eliminating EDM can lead to substantial time-savings—not only because EDM is a slow process, but also because it requires the additional step of producing the electrode.

In other words, high speed machining lets the machining center do more. That’s why the complement to high speed machining, in the minds of many CAD/CAM developers, is a system that can automate much of a machining center’s programming.

The ultimate aim is to have a CAM system that can recognize features and automatically machine the workpiece using the shop’s best practices. The next generation of CAD/CAM systems will marry both manufacturing feature recognition and knowledge-based machining strategies to automate the complete mold machining process. The resulting system will provide complete automation “out of the box,” and yet still allow experienced toolmakers to tailor the system to match their shop practices. When will this system arrive? As an industry, we’ll get there one small step—or stepover—at a time.

About the author: Dan Marinac is strategic marketing manager for Cimatron Ltd. (Livonia, Michigan).


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